The dangers of ultraviolet radiation exposure, which most often comes from the sun, are well-known. At The Physiological Society’s Extreme Environmental Physiology conference, recently, W. Larry Kenney of Penn State University discussed how broad its effects can be, from premature aging to cancer, and how this can be influenced by different skin tones and the use of sunscreen.

Athletes ranging from hikers to tennis players to runners exceed the recommended ultraviolet exposure limit by up to eight-fold during the summer and autumn months. While regular physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of most cancers, skin cancer is an exception. For malignant skin cancer, those in the 90^th percentile for physical activity have an increased risk of cancer than those in the 10^th percentile. Sun protection in these groups is especially important, as multiple studies demonstrate an elevated risk of skin cancer for those who regularly participate in outdoor sports or exercise.

The ultraviolet radiation spectrum is categorized by wavelength as UVA (320 to 400 nanometers), UVB (290 to 320 nanometers), and UVC (200 to 290 nanometers) and the biological effects vary per type. UVA constitutes around 95% of ultraviolet radiation that reaches the earth’s surface, with the remainder being UVB. In the skin, UVA is able to reach the skin’s blood circulation, but most of UVB is absorbed in the outer layers of the skin, called the epidermis and upper dermis, due to its shorter wavelengths.

Skin pigmentation is another factor that affects the skin’s response to sun exposure. Ultraviolet radiation affects the body’s ability to create two important substances, vitamin D and folate, which contribute to both a healthy pregnancy and early childhood development. It helps vitamin D be synthesized, whereas it causes folate to break down.

There is a theory that suggests that early human populations, living in equatorial Africa, evolved skin pigmentation to protect themselves from folate degradation. This theory also says that depigmentation then occurred as humans moved away from the equator to allow for higher levels of vitamin D synthesis.

Commenting on his talk, Professor Kenney said, “Sun protection in athletes is especially important, as multiple studies demonstrate an elevated risk of skin cancer for those who regularly participate in outdoor sports or exercise. Surprisingly, fewer than 25% of surveyed athletes reported regular use of sunscreen, so there is clearly more awareness-raising that needs to be done.”